A word is a way to point at a concept. Let's say you want to communicate the concept of a cat. You can say 'cat', say 'meow', write 'cat', draw a cat, or point at cats with your finger. These are different ways to point at the concept cat. Technically speaking, you could use any string of letters to label that concept. 'Braufani', 'katze', 'eztak', or even 'dog'. Still, there are good reasons why you can't just define words however you like: Words have communicative consequences. They … [Read more...]

Think about the last time you listened to a lecture. Asked later about the ideas presented by the lecturer, what would you answer? Would you quote the best, most truthful ideas presented in the lecture, or would you talk instead about whatever happened to have been communicated the most effectively or stuck with you for some other, perhaps more idiosyncratic reason? At least about myself I can say, and not without a feeling of shame, that I tend to share ideas that got stuck in my head … [Read more...]

Logically, truth is a property of sentences. For example, "snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. All this requires is that we mean the same things by the words we speak and that snow actually is white when we look at it. But what about perceptual illusions? If a stick dipped in water looks bent, is it true that it is bent? No, it is true that is looks bent, but when we touch it at the seemingly bent spot or pull it out of the water, we find that, in fact, the stick is not … [Read more...]

Could it be that every language game played by humans belongs to one of two basic types? Let's start exploring this idea by labeling the categories: Technical language is precise and scientific. As the language of facts, it requires coherence.Sentimental language is neither precise nor scientific. As the language of feelings, it requires valence. I reckon that much of human misunderstanding, including dissents on the nature of truth, stems from the confusion of these two kinds of language. … [Read more...]