Humans are often said to have a "need for metaphysics" (Schopenhauer). Aware of our own mortality, we deeply desire knowledge of and meaning in life. This drives us to create myths, religions, philosophies, value systems, and scientific paradigms. We like to see meaning as something profound and glorious. We say, "Meaning is precious because it makes our suffering worthwhile." But what if the meanings we find and invent are just our weak mind protecting itself with rationalizations? What if … [Read more...]
Is Progress Good for Humanity?
Introduction Historical progress is the advancement in science, technology, economics, politics, and quality of life over years, decades, and centuries. If human well-being has increased along with such improvement, that is moral progress and as such good for humanity. Part 1 of this article argues that historical progress is real. Humans have substantially improved their lives over the course of history. Part 2 investigates whether historical progress coincides with moral progress. Have … [Read more...]
New Meditation Mindset
Even after years of practice, I still find it hard sometimes to sit in silence and meditate. Especially when I have important work to do. Then I keep thinking about how many more minutes it will take for my alarm to go off so that I can go back to work. But today during meditation, a new mindset came over me—a mindset sub specie aeternitatis that quickly made my workaholic worries go away. Here it is in a nutshell: The alarm is never going to go off. I will be sitting here for all eternity, … [Read more...]
Does Meaningful Suffering Disprove Utilitarianism?
Can suffering be a source of meaning? Yes, suffering can be meaningful in at least six ways: Suffering hardens the soul; it builds character. This why Nietzsche wrote, "What does not kill me makes me stronger." Mental fortitude is more meaningful than pamperedness, which is also the basis of post-traumatic growth (positive personal change after a traumatic event). Suffering makes for magnificent stories; it inspires people. This is why the hero archetype is lastingly popular all over … [Read more...]
Is Religion a Vital Source of Meaning?
Why are religious people happier, on average, than atheists? Because religion gives people meaning in life, and meaning is a substantial part of happiness. Religion can be a source of meaning in various ways: Religious communities give people a sense of belonging (communal solidarity, mutual support, ethnohistorical purpose, etc.). Religious mores and practices give people a sense of order (theistic morality, ritualism, liturgy, etc.). Religious faith and beliefs give people … [Read more...]
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